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- What’s New in Python
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- The Future for Python 2.x
- Python 3.1 Features
- PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections
- PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator
- PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines
- PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging
- PEP 3106: Dictionary Views
- PEP 3137: The memoryview Object
- Other Language Changes
- Interpreter Changes
- Optimizations
- New and Improved Modules
- New module: importlib
- New module: sysconfig
- ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk
- Updated module: unittest
- Updated module: ElementTree 1.3
- Build and C API Changes
- Capsules
- Port-Specific Changes: Windows
- Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
- Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.7
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.6
- Python 3.0
- Changes to the Development Process
- New Issue Tracker: Roundup
- New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- Writing Context Managers
- The contextlib module
- PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module
- PEP 370: Per-user site-packages Directory
- PEP 371: The multiprocessing Package
- PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting
- PEP 3105: print As a Function
- PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes
- PEP 3112: Byte Literals
- PEP 3116: New I/O Library
- PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol
- PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes
- PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax
- PEP 3129: Class Decorators
- PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
- The fractions Module
- Other Language Changes
- Optimizations
- Interpreter Changes
- New and Improved Modules
- The ast module
- The future_builtins module
- The json module: JavaScript Object Notation
- The plistlib module: A Property-List Parser
- ctypes Enhancements
- Improved SSL Support
- Deprecations and Removals
- Build and C API Changes
- Port-Specific Changes: Windows
- Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
- Port-Specific Changes: IRIX
- Porting to Python 2.6
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.5
- PEP 308: Conditional Expressions
- PEP 309: Partial Function Application
- PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1
- PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports
- PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts
- PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally
- PEP 342: New Generator Features
- PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement
- Writing Context Managers
- The contextlib module
- PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes
- PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type
- PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method
- Other Language Changes
- Interactive Interpreter Changes
- Optimizations
- New, Improved, and Removed Modules
- The ctypes package
- The ElementTree package
- The hashlib package
- The sqlite3 package
- The wsgiref package
- Build and C API Changes
- Port-Specific Changes
- Porting to Python 2.5
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.4
- PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 289: Generator Expressions
- PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions
- PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods
- PEP 322: Reverse Iteration
- PEP 324: New subprocess Module
- PEP 327: Decimal Data Type
- Why is Decimal needed?
- The Decimal type
- The Context type
- PEP 328: Multi-line Imports
- PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions
- Other Language Changes
- Optimizations
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- cookielib
- doctest
- Build and C API Changes
- Port-Specific Changes
- Porting to Python 2.4
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.3
- PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 263: Source Code Encodings
- PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives
- PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT
- PEP 278: Universal Newline Support
- PEP 279: enumerate()
- PEP 282: The logging Package
- PEP 285: A Boolean Type
- PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks
- PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils
- PEP 302: New Import Hooks
- PEP 305: Comma-separated Files
- PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements
- Extended Slices
- Other Language Changes
- String Changes
- Optimizations
- New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
- Date/Time Type
- The optparse Module
- Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator
- Build and C API Changes
- Port-Specific Changes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Porting to Python 2.3
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.2
- Introduction
- PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes
- Old and New Classes
- Descriptors
- Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule
- Attribute Access
- Related Links
- PEP 234: Iterators
- PEP 255: Simple Generators
- PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers
- PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator
- Unicode Changes
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- New and Improved Modules
- Interpreter Changes and Fixes
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.1
- Introduction
- PEP 227: Nested Scopes
- PEP 236: __future__ Directives
- PEP 207: Rich Comparisons
- PEP 230: Warning Framework
- PEP 229: New Build System
- PEP 205: Weak References
- PEP 232: Function Attributes
- PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms
- PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook
- PEP 208: New Coercion Model
- PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages
- New and Improved Modules
- Other Changes and Fixes
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.0
- Introduction
- What About Python 1.6?
- New Development Process
- Unicode
- List Comprehensions
- Augmented Assignment
- String Methods
- Garbage Collection of Cycles
- Other Core Changes
- Minor Language Changes
- Changes to Built-in Functions
- Porting to 2.0
- Extending/Embedding Changes
- Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install
- XML Modules
- SAX2 Support
- DOM Support
- Relationship to PyXML
- Module changes
- New modules
- IDLE Improvements
- Deleted and Deprecated Modules
- Acknowledgements
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- The Python Tutorial
- 1. Whetting Your Appetite
- 2. Using the Python Interpreter
- 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
- 2.1.1. Argument Passing
- 2.1.2. Interactive Mode
- 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment
- 2.2.1. Error Handling
- 2.2.2. Executable Python Scripts
- 2.2.3. Source Code Encoding
- 2.2.4. The Interactive Startup File
- 2.2.5. The Customization Modules
- 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
- 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
- 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
- 3.1.1. Numbers
- 3.1.2. Strings
- 3.1.3. Unicode Strings
- 3.1.4. Lists
- 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
- 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
- 4. More Control Flow Tools
- 4.1. if Statements
- 4.2. for Statements
- 4.3. The range() Function
- 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
- 4.5. pass Statements
- 4.6. Defining Functions
- 4.7. More on Defining Functions
- 4.7.1. Default Argument Values
- 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments
- 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists
- 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists
- 4.7.5. Lambda Forms
- 4.7.6. Documentation Strings
- 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style
- 5. Data Structures
- 5.1. More on Lists
- 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
- 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
- 5.1.3. Functional Programming Tools
- 5.1.4. List Comprehensions
- 5.1.5. Nested List Comprehensions
- 5.2. The del statement
- 5.3. Tuples and Sequences
- 5.4. Sets
- 5.5. Dictionaries
- 5.6. Looping Techniques
- 5.7. More on Conditions
- 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
- 5.1. More on Lists
- 6. Modules
- 6.1. More on Modules
- 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
- 6.1.2. The Module Search Path
- 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
- 6.2. Standard Modules
- 6.3. The dir() Function
- 6.4. Packages
- 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
- 6.4.2. Intra-package References
- 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
- 6.1. More on Modules
- 7. Input and Output
- 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
- 7.1.1. Old string formatting
- 7.2. Reading and Writing Files
- 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
- 7.2.2. The pickle Module
- 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
- 8. Errors and Exceptions
- 8.1. Syntax Errors
- 8.2. Exceptions
- 8.3. Handling Exceptions
- 8.4. Raising Exceptions
- 8.5. User-defined Exceptions
- 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions
- 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions
- 9. Classes
- 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
- 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
- 9.3. A First Look at Classes
- 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
- 9.3.2. Class Objects
- 9.3.3. Instance Objects
- 9.3.4. Method Objects
- 9.4. Random Remarks
- 9.5. Inheritance
- 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance
- 9.6. Private Variables
- 9.7. Odds and Ends
- 9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too
- 9.9. Iterators
- 9.10. Generators
- 9.11. Generator Expressions
- 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
- 10.1. Operating System Interface
- 10.2. File Wildcards
- 10.3. Command Line Arguments
- 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
- 10.5. String Pattern Matching
- 10.6. Mathematics
- 10.7. Internet Access
- 10.8. Dates and Times
- 10.9. Data Compression
- 10.10. Performance Measurement
- 10.11. Quality Control
- 10.12. Batteries Included
- 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library – Part II
- 11.1. Output Formatting
- 11.2. Templating
- 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
- 11.4. Multi-threading
- 11.5. Logging
- 11.6. Weak References
- 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
- 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
- 12. What Now?
- 13. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
- 13.1. Line Editing
- 13.2. History Substitution
- 13.3. Key Bindings
- 13.4. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
- 14. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
- 14.1. Representation Error
- Python Setup and Usage
- 1. Command line and environment
- 1.1. Command line
- 1.1.1. Interface options
- 1.1.2. Generic options
- 1.1.3. Miscellaneous options
- 1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use
- 1.2. Environment variables
- 1.2.1. Debug-mode variables
- 1.1. Command line
- 2. Using Python on Unix platforms
- 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python
- 2.1.1. On Linux
- 2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD
- 2.1.3. On OpenSolaris
- 2.2. Building Python
- 2.3. Python-related paths and files
- 2.4. Miscellaneous
- 2.5. Editors
- 2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python
- 3. Using Python on Windows
- 3.1. Installing Python
- 3.2. Alternative bundles
- 3.3. Configuring Python
- 3.3.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables
- 3.3.2. Finding the Python executable
- 3.3.3. Finding modules
- 3.3.4. Executing scripts
- 3.4. Additional modules
- 3.4.1. PyWin32
- 3.4.2. Py2exe
- 3.4.3. WConio
- 3.5. Compiling Python on Windows
- 3.6. Other resources
- 4. Using Python on a Macintosh
- 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython
- 4.1.1. How to run a Python script
- 4.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI
- 4.1.3. Configuration
- 4.2. The IDE
- 4.3. Installing Additional Python Packages
- 4.4. GUI Programming on the Mac
- 4.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
- 4.6. Application Scripting
- 4.7. Other Resources
- 4.1. Getting and Installing MacPython
- 1. Command line and environment
- The Python Language Reference
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Alternate Implementations
- 1.2. Notation
- 2. Lexical analysis
- 2.1. Line structure
- 2.1.1. Logical lines
- 2.1.2. Physical lines
- 2.1.3. Comments
- 2.1.4. Encoding declarations
- 2.1.5. Explicit line joining
- 2.1.6. Implicit line joining
- 2.1.7. Blank lines
- 2.1.8. Indentation
- 2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens
- 2.2. Other tokens
- 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
- 2.3.1. Keywords
- 2.3.2. Reserved classes of identifiers
- 2.4. Literals
- 2.4.1. String literals
- 2.4.2. String literal concatenation
- 2.4.3. Numeric literals
- 2.4.4. Integer and long integer literals
- 2.4.5. Floating point literals
- 2.4.6. Imaginary literals
- 2.5. Operators
- 2.6. Delimiters
- 2.1. Line structure
- 3. Data model
- 3.1. Objects, values and types
- 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
- 3.3. New-style and classic classes
- 3.4. Special method names
- 3.4.1. Basic customization
- 3.4.2. Customizing attribute access
- 3.4.2.1. More attribute access for new-style classes
- 3.4.2.2. Implementing Descriptors
- 3.4.2.3. Invoking Descriptors
- 3.4.2.4. __slots__
- 3.4.3. Customizing class creation
- 3.4.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks
- 3.4.5. Emulating callable objects
- 3.4.6. Emulating container types
- 3.4.7. Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
- 3.4.8. Emulating numeric types
- 3.4.9. Coercion rules
- 3.4.10. With Statement Context Managers
- 3.4.11. Special method lookup for old-style classes
- 3.4.12. Special method lookup for new-style classes
- 4. Execution model
- 4.1. Naming and binding
- 4.1.1. Interaction with dynamic features
- 4.2. Exceptions
- 4.1. Naming and binding
- 5. Expressions
- 5.1. Arithmetic conversions
- 5.2. Atoms
- 5.2.1. Identifiers (Names)
- 5.2.2. Literals
- 5.2.3. Parenthesized forms
- 5.2.4. List displays
- 5.2.5. Displays for sets and dictionaries
- 5.2.6. Generator expressions
- 5.2.7. Dictionary displays
- 5.2.8. Set displays
- 5.2.9. String conversions
- 5.2.10. Yield expressions
- 5.3. Primaries
- 5.3.1. Attribute references
- 5.3.2. Subscriptions
- 5.3.3. Slicings
- 5.3.4. Calls
- 5.4. The power operator
- 5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
- 5.6. Binary arithmetic operations
- 5.7. Shifting operations
- 5.8. Binary bitwise operations
- 5.9. Comparisons
- 5.10. Boolean operations
- 5.11. Conditional Expressions
- 5.12. Lambdas
- 5.13. Expression lists
- 5.14. Evaluation order
- 5.15. Summary
- 6. Simple statements
- 6.1. Expression statements
- 6.2. Assignment statements
- 6.2.1. Augmented assignment statements
- 6.3. The assert statement
- 6.4. The pass statement
- 6.5. The del statement
- 6.6. The print statement
- 6.7. The return statement
- 6.8. The yield statement
- 6.9. The raise statement
- 6.10. The break statement
- 6.11. The continue statement
- 6.12. The importstatement
- 6.12.1. Future statements
- 6.13. The global statement
- 6.14. The exec statement
- 7. Compound statements
- 7.1. The if statement
- 7.2. The while statement
- 7.3. The for statement
- 7.4. The try statement
- 7.5. The with statement
- 7.6. Function definitions
- 7.7. Class definitions
- 8. Top-level components
- 8.1. Complete Python programs
- 8.2. File input
- 8.3. Interactive input
- 8.4. Expression input
- 9. Full Grammar specification
- 1. Introduction
- The Python Standard Library
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Built-in Functions
- 3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
- 4. Built-in Constants
- 4.1. Constants added by the site module
- 5. Built-in Types
- 5.1. Truth Value Testing
- 5.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
- 5.3. Comparisons
- 5.4. Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
- 5.4.1. Bit-string Operations on Integer Types
- 5.4.2. Additional Methods on Integer Types
- 5.4.3. Additional Methods on Float
- 5.5. Iterator Types
- 5.5.1. Generator Types
- 5.6. Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange
- 5.6.1. String Methods
- 5.6.2. String Formatting Operations
- 5.6.3. XRange Type
- 5.6.4. Mutable Sequence Types
- 5.7. Set Types — set, frozenset
- 5.8. Mapping Types — dict
- 5.8.1. Dictionary view objects
- 5.9. File Objects
- 5.10. memoryview type
- 5.11. Context Manager Types
- 5.12. Other Built-in Types
- 5.12.1. Modules
- 5.12.2. Classes and Class Instances
- 5.12.3. Functions
- 5.12.4. Methods
- 5.12.5. Code Objects
- 5.12.6. Type Objects
- 5.12.7. The Null Object
- 5.12.8. The Ellipsis Object
- 5.12.9. The NotImplemented Object
- 5.12.10. Boolean Values
- 5.12.11. Internal Objects
- 5.13. Special Attributes
- 6. Built-in Exceptions
- 6.1. Exception hierarchy
- 7. String Services
- 7.1. string— Common string operations
- 7.1.1. String constants
- 7.1.2. String Formatting
- 7.1.3. Format String Syntax
- 7.1.3.1. Format Specification Mini-Language
- 7.1.3.2. Format examples
- 7.1.4. Template strings
- 7.1.5. String functions
- 7.1.6. Deprecated string functions
- 7.2. re— Regular expression operations
- 7.2.1. Regular Expression Syntax
- 7.2.2. Matching vs Searching
- 7.2.3. Module Contents
- 7.2.4. Regular Expression Objects
- 7.2.5. Match Objects
- 7.2.6. Examples
- 7.2.6.1. Checking For a Pair
- 7.2.6.2. Simulating scanf()
- 7.2.6.3. Avoiding recursion
- 7.2.6.4. search() vs. match()
- 7.2.6.5. Making a Phonebook
- 7.2.6.6. Text Munging
- 7.2.6.7. Finding all Adverbs
- 7.2.6.8. Finding all Adverbs and their Positions
- 7.2.6.9. Raw String Notation
- 7.3. struct— Interpret strings as packed binary data
- 7.3.1. Functions and Exceptions
- 7.3.2. Format Strings
- 7.3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
- 7.3.2.2. Format Characters
- 7.3.2.3. Examples
- 7.3.3. Classes
- 7.4. difflib— Helpers for computing deltas
- 7.4.1. SequenceMatcher Objects
- 7.4.2. SequenceMatcher Examples
- 7.4.3. Differ Objects
- 7.4.4. Differ Example
- 7.4.5. A command-line interface to difflib
- 7.5. StringIO — Read and write strings as files
- 7.6. cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
- 7.7. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
- 7.8. codecs— Codec registry and base classes
- 7.8.1. Codec Base Classes
- 7.8.1.1. Codec Objects
- 7.8.1.2. IncrementalEncoder Objects
- 7.8.1.3. IncrementalDecoder Objects
- 7.8.1.4. StreamWriter Objects
- 7.8.1.5. StreamReader Objects
- 7.8.1.6. StreamReaderWriter Objects
- 7.8.1.7. StreamRecoder Objects
- 7.8.2. Encodings and Unicode
- 7.8.3. Standard Encodings
- 7.8.4. encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
- 7.8.5. encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
- 7.8.1. Codec Base Classes
- 7.9. unicodedata — Unicode Database
- 7.10. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
- 7.11. fpformat — Floating point conversions
- 7.1. string— Common string operations
- 8. Data Types
- 8.1. datetime— Basic date and time types
- 8.1.1. Available Types
- 8.1.2. timedelta Objects
- 8.1.3. date Objects
- 8.1.4. datetime Objects
- 8.1.5. time Objects
- 8.1.6. tzinfo Objects
- 8.1.7. strftime() and strptime() Behavior
- 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
- 8.3. collections— High-performance container datatypes
- 8.3.1. Counter objects
- 8.3.2. dequeobjects
- 8.3.2.1. deque Recipes
- 8.3.3. defaultdictobjects
- 8.3.3.1. defaultdict Examples
- 8.3.4. namedtuple() Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields
- 8.3.5. OrderedDictobjects
- 8.3.5.1. OrderedDict Examples and Recipes
- 8.3.6. Collections Abstract Base Classes
- 8.4. heapq— Heap queue algorithm
- 8.4.1. Basic Examples
- 8.4.2. Priority Queue Implementation Notes
- 8.4.3. Theory
- 8.5. bisect— Array bisection algorithm
- 8.5.1. Searching Sorted Lists
- 8.5.2. Other Examples
- 8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
- 8.7. sets— Unordered collections of unique elements
- 8.7.1. Set Objects
- 8.7.2. Example
- 8.7.3. Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
- 8.7.4. Comparison to the built-in set types
- 8.8. sched— Event scheduler
- 8.8.1. Scheduler Objects
- 8.9. mutex— Mutual exclusion support
- 8.9.1. Mutex Objects
- 8.10. Queue— A synchronized queue class
- 8.10.1. Queue Objects
- 8.11. weakref— Weak references
- 8.11.1. Weak Reference Objects
- 8.11.2. Example
- 8.12. UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
- 8.13. UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
- 8.14. UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
- 8.15. types — Names for built-in types
- 8.16. new — Creation of runtime internal objects
- 8.17. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
- 8.18. pprint— Data pretty printer
- 8.18.1. PrettyPrinter Objects
- 8.18.2. pprint Example
- 8.19. repr — Alternate repr()implementation
- 8.19.1. Repr Objects
- 8.19.2. Subclassing Repr Objects
- 8.1. datetime— Basic date and time types
- 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
- 9.1. numbers— Numeric abstract base classes
- 9.1.1. The numeric tower
- 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors
- 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs
- 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations
- 9.2. math— Mathematical functions
- 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions
- 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions
- 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions
- 9.2.4. Angular conversion
- 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions
- 9.2.6. Special functions
- 9.2.7. Constants
- 9.3. cmath— Mathematical functions for complex numbers
- 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates
- 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions
- 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions
- 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions
- 9.3.5. Classification functions
- 9.3.6. Constants
- 9.4. decimal— Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
- 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial
- 9.4.2. Decimal objects
- 9.4.2.1. Logical operands
- 9.4.3. Context objects
- 9.4.4. Signals
- 9.4.5. Floating Point Notes
- 9.4.5.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
- 9.4.5.2. Special values
- 9.4.6. Working with threads
- 9.4.7. Recipes
- 9.4.8. Decimal FAQ
- 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
- 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
- 9.7. itertools— Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
- 9.7.1. Itertool functions
- 9.7.2. Recipes
- 9.8. functools— Higher order functions and operations on callable objects
- 9.8.1. partial Objects
- 9.9. operator— Standard operators as functions
- 9.9.1. Mapping Operators to Functions
- 9.1. numbers— Numeric abstract base classes
- 10. File and Directory Access
- 10.1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
- 10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
- 10.3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
- 10.4. statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
- 10.5. filecmp— File and Directory Comparisons
- 10.5.1. The dircmp class
- 10.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
- 10.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
- 10.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
- 10.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
- 10.10. shutil— High-level file operations
- 10.10.1. Directory and files operations
- 10.10.1.1. copytree example
- 10.10.2. Archives operations
- 10.10.2.1. Archiving example
- 10.10.1. Directory and files operations
- 10.11. dircache — Cached directory listings
- 10.12. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
- 11. Data Persistence
- 11.1. pickle— Python object serialization
- 11.1.1. Relationship to other Python modules
- 11.1.2. Data stream format
- 11.1.3. Usage
- 11.1.4. What can be pickled and unpickled?
- 11.1.5. The pickle protocol
- 11.1.5.1. Pickling and unpickling normal class instances
- 11.1.5.2. Pickling and unpickling extension types
- 11.1.5.3. Pickling and unpickling external objects
- 11.1.6. Subclassing Unpicklers
- 11.1.7. Example
- 11.2. cPickle — A faster pickle
- 11.3. copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
- 11.4. shelve— Python object persistence
- 11.4.1. Restrictions
- 11.4.2. Example
- 11.5. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
- 11.6. anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
- 11.7. whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
- 11.8. dbm — Simple “database” interface
- 11.9. gdbm — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
- 11.10. dbhash— DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
- 11.10.1. Database Objects
- 11.11. bsddb— Interface to Berkeley DB library
- 11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects
- 11.12. dumbdbm— Portable DBM implementation
- 11.12.1. Dumbdbm Objects
- 11.13. sqlite3— DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
- 11.13.1. Module functions and constants
- 11.13.2. Connection Objects
- 11.13.3. Cursor Objects
- 11.13.4. Row Objects
- 11.13.5. SQLite and Python types
- 11.13.5.1. Introduction
- 11.13.5.2. Using adapters to store additional Python types in SQLite databases
- 11.13.5.2.1. Letting your object adapt itself
- 11.13.5.2.2. Registering an adapter callable
- 11.13.5.3. Converting SQLite values to custom Python types
- 11.13.5.4. Default adapters and converters
- 11.13.6. Controlling Transactions
- 11.13.7. Using sqlite3efficiently
- 11.13.7.1. Using shortcut methods
- 11.13.7.2. Accessing columns by name instead of by index
- 11.13.7.3. Using the connection as a context manager
- 11.13.8. Common issues
- 11.13.8.1. Multithreading
- 11.1. pickle— Python object serialization
- 12. Data Compression and Archiving
- 12.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
- 12.2. gzip — Support for gzipfiles
- 12.2.1. Examples of usage
- 12.3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
- 12.3.1. (De)compression of files
- 12.3.2. Sequential (de)compression
- 12.3.3. One-shot (de)compression
- 12.4. zipfile— Work with ZIP archives
- 12.4.1. ZipFile Objects
- 12.4.2. PyZipFile Objects
- 12.4.3. ZipInfo Objects
- 12.5. tarfile— Read and write tar archive files
- 12.5.1. TarFile Objects
- 12.5.2. TarInfo Objects
- 12.5.3. Examples
- 12.5.4. Supported tar formats
- 12.5.5. Unicode issues
- 13. File Formats
- 13.1. csv— CSV File Reading and Writing
- 13.1.1. Module Contents
- 13.1.2. Dialects and Formatting Parameters
- 13.1.3. Reader Objects
- 13.1.4. Writer Objects
- 13.1.5. Examples
- 13.2. ConfigParser— Configuration file parser
- 13.2.1. RawConfigParser Objects
- 13.2.2. ConfigParser Objects
- 13.2.3. SafeConfigParser Objects
- 13.2.4. Examples
- 13.3. robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
- 13.4. netrc— netrc file processing
- 13.4.1. netrc Objects
- 13.5. xdrlib— Encode and decode XDR data
- 13.5.1. Packer Objects
- 13.5.2. Unpacker Objects
- 13.5.3. Exceptions
- 13.6. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plistfiles
- 13.6.1. Examples
- 13.1. csv— CSV File Reading and Writing
- 14. Cryptographic Services
- 14.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
- 14.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
- 14.3. md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
- 14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm
- 15. Generic Operating System Services
- 15.1. os— Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
- 15.1.1. Process Parameters
- 15.1.2. File Object Creation
- 15.1.3. File Descriptor Operations
- 15.1.3.1. open() flag constants
- 15.1.4. Files and Directories
- 15.1.5. Process Management
- 15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Information
- 15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functions
- 15.2. io— Core tools for working with streams
- 15.2.1. Module Interface
- 15.2.2. I/O Base Classes
- 15.2.3. Raw File I/O
- 15.2.4. Buffered Streams
- 15.2.5. Text I/O
- 15.2.6. Advanced topics
- 15.2.6.1. Performance
- 15.2.6.1.1. Binary I/O
- 15.2.6.1.2. Text I/O
- 15.2.6.2. Multi-threading
- 15.2.6.3. Reentrancy
- 15.2.6.1. Performance
- 15.3. time — Time access and conversions
- 15.4. argparse— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
- 15.4.1. Example
- 15.4.1.1. Creating a parser
- 15.4.1.2. Adding arguments
- 15.4.1.3. Parsing arguments
- 15.4.2. ArgumentParser objects
- 15.4.2.1. description
- 15.4.2.2. epilog
- 15.4.2.3. add_help
- 15.4.2.4. prefix_chars
- 15.4.2.5. fromfile_prefix_chars
- 15.4.2.6. argument_default
- 15.4.2.7. parents
- 15.4.2.8. formatter_class
- 15.4.2.9. conflict_handler
- 15.4.2.10. prog
- 15.4.2.11. usage
- 15.4.3. The add_argument() method
- 15.4.3.1. name or flags
- 15.4.3.2. action
- 15.4.3.3. nargs
- 15.4.3.4. const
- 15.4.3.5. default
- 15.4.3.6. type
- 15.4.3.7. choices
- 15.4.3.8. required
- 15.4.3.9. help
- 15.4.3.10. metavar
- 15.4.3.11. dest
- 15.4.4. The parse_args() method
- 15.4.4.1. Option value syntax
- 15.4.4.2. Invalid arguments
- 15.4.4.3. Arguments containing -
- 15.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations
- 15.4.4.5. Beyond sys.argv
- 15.4.4.6. The Namespace object
- 15.4.5. Other utilities
- 15.4.5.1. Sub-commands
- 15.4.5.2. FileType objects
- 15.4.5.3. Argument groups
- 15.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion
- 15.4.5.5. Parser defaults
- 15.4.5.6. Printing help
- 15.4.5.7. Partial parsing
- 15.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing
- 15.4.5.9. Exiting methods
- 15.4.6. Upgrading optparse code
- 15.4.1. Example
- 15.5. optparse— Parser for command line options
- 15.5.1. Background
- 15.5.1.1. Terminology
- 15.5.1.2. What are options for?
- 15.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?
- 15.5.2. Tutorial
- 15.5.2.1. Understanding option actions
- 15.5.2.2. The store action
- 15.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options
- 15.5.2.4. Other actions
- 15.5.2.5. Default values
- 15.5.2.6. Generating help
- 15.5.2.6.1. Grouping Options
- 15.5.2.7. Printing a version string
- 15.5.2.8. How optparse handles errors
- 15.5.2.9. Putting it all together
- 15.5.3. Reference Guide
- 15.5.3.1. Creating the parser
- 15.5.3.2. Populating the parser
- 15.5.3.3. Defining options
- 15.5.3.4. Option attributes
- 15.5.3.5. Standard option actions
- 15.5.3.6. Standard option types
- 15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments
- 15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser
- 15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options
- 15.5.3.10. Cleanup
- 15.5.3.11. Other methods
- 15.5.4. Option Callbacks
- 15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option
- 15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called
- 15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback
- 15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback
- 15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order
- 15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)
- 15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition
- 15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments
- 15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments
- 15.5.5. Extending optparse
- 15.5.5.1. Adding new types
- 15.5.5.2. Adding new actions
- 15.5.1. Background
- 15.6. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
- 15.7. logging— Logging facility for Python
- 15.7.1. Logger Objects
- 15.7.2. Handler Objects
- 15.7.3. Formatter Objects
- 15.7.4. Filter Objects
- 15.7.5. LogRecord Objects
- 15.7.6. LogRecord attributes
- 15.7.7. LoggerAdapter Objects
- 15.7.8. Thread Safety
- 15.7.9. Module-Level Functions
- 15.7.10. Integration with the warnings module
- 15.8. logging.config— Logging configuration
- 15.8.1. Configuration functions
- 15.8.2. Configuration dictionary schema
- 15.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details
- 15.8.2.2. Incremental Configuration
- 15.8.2.3. Object connections
- 15.8.2.4. User-defined objects
- 15.8.2.5. Access to external objects
- 15.8.2.6. Access to internal objects
- 15.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers
- 15.8.3. Configuration file format
- 15.9. logging.handlers— Logging handlers
- 15.9.1. StreamHandler
- 15.9.2. FileHandler
- 15.9.3. NullHandler
- 15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler
- 15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler
- 15.9.7. SocketHandler
- 15.9.8. DatagramHandler
- 15.9.9. SysLogHandler
- 15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler
- 15.9.11. SMTPHandler
- 15.9.12. MemoryHandler
- 15.9.13. HTTPHandler
- 15.10. getpass — Portable password input
- 15.11. curses — Penangan Terminal untuk tampilan character-cell *
- 15.11.1. Functions
- 15.11.2. Window Objects
- 15.11.3. Constants
- 15.12. curses.textpad— Text input widget for curses programs
- 15.12.1. Textbox objects
- 15.13. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
- 15.14. curses.panel— A panel stack extension for curses
- 15.14.1. Functions
- 15.14.2. Panel Objects
- 15.15. platform— Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
- 15.15.1. Cross Platform
- 15.15.2. Java Platform
- 15.15.3. Windows Platform
- 15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific
- 15.15.4. Mac OS Platform
- 15.15.5. Unix Platforms
- 15.16. errno — Standard errno system symbols
- 15.17. ctypes— A foreign function library for Python
- 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
- 15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries
- 15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls
- 15.17.1.3. Calling functions
- 15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types
- 15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued
- 15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types
- 15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
- 15.17.1.8. Return types
- 15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
- 15.17.1.10. Structures and unions
- 15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order
- 15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions
- 15.17.1.13. Arrays
- 15.17.1.14. Pointers
- 15.17.1.15. Type conversions
- 15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types
- 15.17.1.17. Callback functions
- 15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls
- 15.17.1.19. Surprises
- 15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types
- 15.17.2. ctypes reference
- 15.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries
- 15.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries
- 15.17.2.3. Foreign functions
- 15.17.2.4. Function prototypes
- 15.17.2.5. Utility functions
- 15.17.2.6. Data types
- 15.17.2.7. Fundamental data types
- 15.17.2.8. Structured data types
- 15.17.2.9. Arrays and pointers
- 15.17.1. ctypes tutorial
- 15.1. os— Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
- 16. Optional Operating System Services
- 16.1. select— Waiting for I/O completion
- 16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
- 16.1.2. Polling Objects
- 16.1.3. Kqueue Objects
- 16.1.4. Kevent Objects
- 16.2. threading— Higher-level threading interface
- 16.2.1. Thread Objects
- 16.2.2. Lock Objects
- 16.2.3. RLock Objects
- 16.2.4. Condition Objects
- 16.2.5. Semaphore Objects
- 16.2.5.1. Semaphore Example
- 16.2.6. Event Objects
- 16.2.7. Timer Objects
- 16.2.8. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
- 16.2.9. Importing in threaded code
- 16.3. thread — Multiple threads of control
- 16.4. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
- 16.5. dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
- 16.6. multiprocessing— Process-based “threading” interface
- 16.6.1. Introduction
- 16.6.1.1. The Process class
- 16.6.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
- 16.6.1.3. Synchronization between processes
- 16.6.1.4. Sharing state between processes
- 16.6.1.5. Using a pool of workers
- 16.6.2. Reference
- 16.6.2.1. Process and exceptions
- 16.6.2.2. Pipes and Queues
- 16.6.2.3. Miscellaneous
- 16.6.2.4. Connection Objects
- 16.6.2.5. Synchronization primitives
- 16.6.2.6. Shared ctypesObjects
- 16.6.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
- 16.6.2.7. Managers
- 16.6.2.7.1. Namespace objects
- 16.6.2.7.2. Customized managers
- 16.6.2.7.3. Using a remote manager
- 16.6.2.8. Proxy Objects
- 16.6.2.8.1. Cleanup
- 16.6.2.9. Process Pools
- 16.6.2.10. Listeners and Clients
- 16.6.2.10.1. Address Formats
- 16.6.2.11. Authentication keys
- 16.6.2.12. Logging
- 16.6.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module
- 16.6.3. Programming guidelines
- 16.6.3.1. All platforms
- 16.6.3.2. Windows
- 16.6.4. Examples
- 16.6.1. Introduction
- 16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
- 16.8. readline— GNU readline interface
- 16.8.1. Example
- 16.9. rlcompleter— Completion function for GNU readline
- 16.9.1. Completer Objects
- 16.1. select— Waiting for I/O completion
- 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
- 17.1. subprocess— Subprocess management
- 17.1.1. Using the subprocess Module
- 17.1.1.1. Convenience Functions
- 17.1.1.2. Exceptions
- 17.1.1.3. Security
- 17.1.2. Popen Objects
- 17.1.3. Windows Popen Helpers
- 17.1.3.1. Constants
- 17.1.4. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
- 17.1.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
- 17.1.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline
- 17.1.4.3. Replacing os.system()
- 17.1.4.4. Replacing the os.spawn family
- 17.1.4.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
- 17.1.4.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module
- 17.1.5. Notes
- 17.1.5.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
- 17.1.1. Using the subprocess Module
- 17.2. socket— Low-level networking interface
- 17.2.1. Socket Objects
- 17.2.2. Example
- 17.3. ssl— TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
- 17.3.1. Functions, Constants, and Exceptions
- 17.3.2. SSLSocket Objects
- 17.3.3. Certificates
- 17.3.4. Examples
- 17.3.4.1. Testing for SSL support
- 17.3.4.2. Client-side operation
- 17.3.4.3. Server-side operation
- 17.4. signal— Set handlers for asynchronous events
- 17.4.1. Example
- 17.5. popen2— Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
- 17.5.1. Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
- 17.5.2. Flow Control Issues
- 17.6. asyncore— Asynchronous socket handler
- 17.6.1. asyncore Example basic HTTP client
- 17.6.2. asyncore Example basic echo server
- 17.7. asynchat— Asynchronous socket command/response handler
- 17.7.1. asynchat – Auxiliary Classes
- 17.7.2. asynchat Example
- 17.1. subprocess— Subprocess management
- 18. Internet Data Handling
- 18.1. email— An email and MIME handling package
- 18.1.1. email: Representing an email message
- 18.1.2. email: Parsing email messages
- 18.1.2.1. FeedParser API
- 18.1.2.2. Parser class API
- 18.1.2.3. Additional notes
- 18.1.3. email: Generating MIME documents
- 18.1.4. email: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
- 18.1.5. email: Internationalized headers
- 18.1.6. email: Representing character sets
- 18.1.7. email: Encoders
- 18.1.8. email: Exception and Defect classes
- 18.1.9. email: Miscellaneous utilities
- 18.1.10. email: Iterators
- 18.1.11. email: Examples
- 18.1.12. Package History
- 18.1.13. Differences from mimelib
- 18.2. json— JSON encoder and decoder
- 18.2.1. Basic Usage
- 18.2.2. Encoders and decoders
- 18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
- 18.4. mailbox— Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
- 18.4.1. Mailboxobjects
- 18.4.1.1. Maildir
- 18.4.1.2. mbox
- 18.4.1.3. MH
- 18.4.1.4. Babyl
- 18.4.1.5. MMDF
- 18.4.2. Messageobjects
- 18.4.2.1. MaildirMessage
- 18.4.2.2. mboxMessage
- 18.4.2.3. MHMessage
- 18.4.2.4. BabylMessage
- 18.4.2.5. MMDFMessage
- 18.4.3. Exceptions
- 18.4.4. Deprecated classes and methods
- 18.4.5. Examples
- 18.4.1. Mailboxobjects
- 18.5. mhlib— Access to MH mailboxes
- 18.5.1. MH Objects
- 18.5.2. Folder Objects
- 18.5.3. Message Objects
- 18.6. mimetools— Tools for parsing MIME messages
- 18.6.1. Additional Methods of Message Objects
- 18.7. mimetypes— Map filenames to MIME types
- 18.7.1. MimeTypes Objects
- 18.8. MimeWriter— Generic MIME file writer
- 18.8.1. MimeWriter Objects
- 18.9. mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
- 18.10. multifile— Support for files containing distinct parts
- 18.10.1. MultiFile Objects
- 18.10.2. MultiFile Example
- 18.11. rfc822— Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
- 18.11.1. Message Objects
- 18.11.2. AddressList Objects
- 18.12. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
- 18.13. binhex— Encode and decode binhex4 files
- 18.13.1. Notes
- 18.14. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
- 18.15. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- 18.16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
- 18.1. email— An email and MIME handling package
- 19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
- 19.1. HTMLParser— Simple HTML and XHTML parser
- 19.1.1. Example HTML Parser Application
- 19.2. sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
- 19.3. htmllib— A parser for HTML documents
- 19.3.1. HTMLParser Objects
- 19.4. htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
- 19.5. xml.parsers.expat— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- 19.5.1. XMLParser Objects
- 19.5.2. ExpatError Exceptions
- 19.5.3. Example
- 19.5.4. Content Model Descriptions
- 19.5.5. Expat error constants
- 19.6. xml.dom— The Document Object Model API
- 19.6.1. Module Contents
- 19.6.2. Objects in the DOM
- 19.6.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects
- 19.6.2.2. Node Objects
- 19.6.2.3. NodeList Objects
- 19.6.2.4. DocumentType Objects
- 19.6.2.5. Document Objects
- 19.6.2.6. Element Objects
- 19.6.2.7. Attr Objects
- 19.6.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects
- 19.6.2.9. Comment Objects
- 19.6.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects
- 19.6.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects
- 19.6.2.12. Exceptions
- 19.6.3. Conformance
- 19.6.3.1. Type Mapping
- 19.6.3.2. Accessor Methods
- 19.7. xml.dom.minidom— Lightweight DOM implementation
- 19.7.1. DOM Objects
- 19.7.2. DOM Example
- 19.7.3. minidom and the DOM standard
- 19.8. xml.dom.pulldom— Support for building partial DOM trees
- 19.8.1. DOMEventStream Objects
- 19.9. xml.sax— Support for SAX2 parsers
- 19.9.1. SAXException Objects
- 19.10. xml.sax.handler— Base classes for SAX handlers
- 19.10.1. ContentHandler Objects
- 19.10.2. DTDHandler Objects
- 19.10.3. EntityResolver Objects
- 19.10.4. ErrorHandler Objects
- 19.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
- 19.12. xml.sax.xmlreader— Interface for XML parsers
- 19.12.1. XMLReader Objects
- 19.12.2. IncrementalParser Objects
- 19.12.3. Locator Objects
- 19.12.4. InputSource Objects
- 19.12.5. The Attributes Interface
- 19.12.6. The AttributesNS Interface
- 19.13. xml.etree.ElementTree— The ElementTree XML API
- 19.13.1. Functions
- 19.13.2. Element Objects
- 19.13.3. ElementTree Objects
- 19.13.4. QName Objects
- 19.13.5. TreeBuilder Objects
- 19.13.6. XMLParser Objects
- 19.1. HTMLParser— Simple HTML and XHTML parser
- 20. Internet Protocols and Support
- 20.1. webbrowser— Convenient Web-browser controller
- 20.1.1. Browser Controller Objects
- 20.2. cgi— Common Gateway Interface support
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Using the cgi module
- 20.2.3. Higher Level Interface
- 20.2.4. Old classes
- 20.2.5. Functions
- 20.2.6. Caring about security
- 20.2.7. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
- 20.2.8. Testing your CGI script
- 20.2.9. Debugging CGI scripts
- 20.2.10. Common problems and solutions
- 20.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
- 20.4. wsgiref— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
- 20.4.1. wsgiref.util – WSGI environment utilities
- 20.4.2. wsgiref.headers – WSGI response header tools
- 20.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server – a simple WSGI HTTP server
- 20.4.4. wsgiref.validate — WSGI conformance checker
- 20.4.5. wsgiref.handlers – server/gateway base classes
- 20.4.6. Examples
- 20.5. urllib— Open arbitrary resources by URL
- 20.5.1. High-level interface
- 20.5.2. Utility functions
- 20.5.3. URL Opener objects
- 20.5.4. urllib Restrictions
- 20.5.5. Examples
- 20.6. urllib2— extensible library for opening URLs
- 20.6.1. Request Objects
- 20.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
- 20.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
- 20.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
- 20.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
- 20.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
- 20.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
- 20.6.8. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.9. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.10. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.11. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.12. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.13. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
- 20.6.14. HTTPHandler Objects
- 20.6.15. HTTPSHandler Objects
- 20.6.16. FileHandler Objects
- 20.6.17. FTPHandler Objects
- 20.6.18. CacheFTPHandler Objects
- 20.6.19. UnknownHandler Objects
- 20.6.20. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
- 20.6.21. Examples
- 20.7. httplib— HTTP protocol client
- 20.7.1. HTTPConnection Objects
- 20.7.2. HTTPResponse Objects
- 20.7.3. Examples
- 20.8. ftplib— FTP protocol client
- 20.8.1. FTP Objects
- 20.8.2. FTP_TLS Objects
- 20.9. poplib— POP3 protocol client
- 20.9.1. POP3 Objects
- 20.9.2. POP3 Example
- 20.10. imaplib— IMAP4 protocol client
- 20.10.1. IMAP4 Objects
- 20.10.2. IMAP4 Example
- 20.11. nntplib— NNTP protocol client
- 20.11.1. NNTP Objects
- 20.12. smtplib— SMTP protocol client
- 20.12.1. SMTP Objects
- 20.12.2. SMTP Example
- 20.13. smtpd— SMTP Server
- 20.13.1. SMTPServer Objects
- 20.13.2. DebuggingServer Objects
- 20.13.3. PureProxy Objects
- 20.13.4. MailmanProxy Objects
- 20.14. telnetlib— Telnet client
- 20.14.1. Telnet Objects
- 20.14.2. Telnet Example
- 20.15. uuid— UUID objects according to RFC 4122
- 20.15.1. Example
- 20.16. urlparse— Parse URLs into components
- 20.16.1. Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
- 20.17. SocketServer— A framework for network servers
- 20.17.1. Server Creation Notes
- 20.17.2. Server Objects
- 20.17.3. RequestHandler Objects
- 20.17.4. Examples
- 20.17.4.1. SocketServer.TCPServer Example
- 20.17.4.2. SocketServer.UDPServer Example
- 20.17.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
- 20.18. BaseHTTPServer— Basic HTTP server
- 20.18.1. More examples
- 20.19. SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
- 20.20. CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
- 20.21. cookielib— Cookie handling for HTTP clients
- 20.21.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
- 20.21.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
- 20.21.3. CookiePolicy Objects
- 20.21.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
- 20.21.5. Cookie Objects
- 20.21.6. Examples
- 20.22. Cookie— HTTP state management
- 20.22.1. Cookie Objects
- 20.22.2. Morsel Objects
- 20.22.3. Example
- 20.23. xmlrpclib— XML-RPC client access
- 20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects
- 20.23.2. Boolean Objects
- 20.23.3. DateTime Objects
- 20.23.4. Binary Objects
- 20.23.5. Fault Objects
- 20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects
- 20.23.7. MultiCall Objects
- 20.23.8. Convenience Functions
- 20.23.9. Example of Client Usage
- 20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage
- 20.24. SimpleXMLRPCServer— Basic XML-RPC server
- 20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
- 20.24.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
- 20.24.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 20.24.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
- 20.25. DocXMLRPCServer— Self-documenting XML-RPC server
- 20.25.1. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
- 20.25.2. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
- 20.1. webbrowser— Convenient Web-browser controller
- 21. Multimedia Services
- 21.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
- 21.2. imageop — Manipulate raw image data
- 21.3. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
- 21.4. sunau— Read and write Sun AU files
- 21.4.1. AU_read Objects
- 21.4.2. AU_write Objects
- 21.5. wave— Read and write WAV files
- 21.5.1. Wave_read Objects
- 21.5.2. Wave_write Objects
- 21.6. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
- 21.7. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
- 21.8. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
- 21.9. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
- 21.10. ossaudiodev— Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
- 21.10.1. Audio Device Objects
- 21.10.2. Mixer Device Objects
- 22. Internationalization
- 22.1. gettext— Multilingual internationalization services
- 22.1.1. GNU gettext API
- 22.1.2. Class-based API
- 22.1.2.1. The NullTranslations class
- 22.1.2.2. The GNUTranslations class
- 22.1.2.3. Solaris message catalog support
- 22.1.2.4. The Catalog constructor
- 22.1.3. Internationalizing your programs and modules
- 22.1.3.1. Localizing your module
- 22.1.3.2. Localizing your application
- 22.1.3.3. Changing languages on the fly
- 22.1.3.4. Deferred translations
- 22.1.3.5. gettext() vs. lgettext()
- 22.1.4. Acknowledgements
- 22.2. locale— Internationalization services
- 22.2.1. Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
- 22.2.2. For extension writers and programs that embed Python
- 22.2.3. Access to message catalogs
- 22.1. gettext— Multilingual internationalization services
- 23. Program Frameworks
- 23.1. cmd— Support for line-oriented command interpreters
- 23.1.1. Cmd Objects
- 23.2. shlex— Simple lexical analysis
- 23.2.1. shlex Objects
- 23.2.2. Parsing Rules
- 23.1. cmd— Support for line-oriented command interpreters
- 24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- 24.1. Tkinter— Python interface to Tcl/Tk
- 24.1.1. Tkinter Modules
- 24.1.2. Tkinter Life Preserver
- 24.1.2.1. How To Use This Section
- 24.1.2.2. A Simple Hello World Program
- 24.1.3. A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
- 24.1.4. Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
- 24.1.5. How Tk and Tkinter are Related
- 24.1.6. Handy Reference
- 24.1.6.1. Setting Options
- 24.1.6.2. The Packer
- 24.1.6.3. Packer Options
- 24.1.6.4. Coupling Widget Variables
- 24.1.6.5. The Window Manager
- 24.1.6.6. Tk Option Data Types
- 24.1.6.7. Bindings and Events
- 24.1.6.8. The index Parameter
- 24.1.6.9. Images
- 24.2. ttk— Tk themed widgets
- 24.2.1. Using Ttk
- 24.2.2. Ttk Widgets
- 24.2.3. Widget
- 24.2.3.1. Standard Options
- 24.2.3.2. Scrollable Widget Options
- 24.2.3.3. Label Options
- 24.2.3.4. Compatibility Options
- 24.2.3.5. Widget States
- 24.2.3.6. ttk.Widget
- 24.2.4. Combobox
- 24.2.4.1. Options
- 24.2.4.2. Virtual events
- 24.2.4.3. ttk.Combobox
- 24.2.5. Notebook
- 24.2.5.1. Options
- 24.2.5.2. Tab Options
- 24.2.5.3. Tab Identifiers
- 24.2.5.4. Virtual Events
- 24.2.5.5. ttk.Notebook
- 24.2.6. Progressbar
- 24.2.6.1. Options
- 24.2.6.2. ttk.Progressbar
- 24.2.7. Separator
- 24.2.7.1. Options
- 24.2.8. Sizegrip
- 24.2.8.1. Platform-specific notes
- 24.2.8.2. Bugs
- 24.2.9. Treeview
- 24.2.9.1. Options
- 24.2.9.2. Item Options
- 24.2.9.3. Tag Options
- 24.2.9.4. Column Identifiers
- 24.2.9.5. Virtual Events
- 24.2.9.6. ttk.Treeview
- 24.2.10. Ttk Styling
- 24.2.10.1. Layouts
- 24.3. Tix— Extension widgets for Tk
- 24.3.1. Using Tix
- 24.3.2. Tix Widgets
- 24.3.2.1. Basic Widgets
- 24.3.2.2. File Selectors
- 24.3.2.3. Hierarchical ListBox
- 24.3.2.4. Tabular ListBox
- 24.3.2.5. Manager Widgets
- 24.3.2.6. Image Types
- 24.3.2.7. Miscellaneous Widgets
- 24.3.2.8. Form Geometry Manager
- 24.3.3. Tix Commands
- 24.4. ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
- 24.5. turtle— Turtle graphics for Tk
- 24.5.1. Introduction
- 24.5.2. Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
- 24.5.2.1. Turtle methods
- 24.5.2.2. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen
- 24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions
- 24.5.3.1. Turtle motion
- 24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state
- 24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement
- 24.5.3.4. Pen control
- 24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state
- 24.5.3.4.2. Color control
- 24.5.3.4.3. Filling
- 24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control
- 24.5.3.5. Turtle state
- 24.5.3.5.1. Visibility
- 24.5.3.5.2. Appearance
- 24.5.3.6. Using events
- 24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods
- 24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes
- 24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions
- 24.5.4.1. Window control
- 24.5.4.2. Animation control
- 24.5.4.3. Using screen events
- 24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods
- 24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen
- 24.5.5. The public classes of the module turtle
- 24.5.6. Help and configuration
- 24.5.6.1. How to use help
- 24.5.6.2. Translation of docstrings into different languages
- 24.5.6.3. How to configure Screen and Turtles
- 24.5.7. Demo scripts
- 24.6. IDLE
- 24.6.1. Menus
- 24.6.1.1. File menu
- 24.6.1.2. Edit menu
- 24.6.1.3. Windows menu
- 24.6.1.4. Debug menu (in the Python Shell window only)
- 24.6.2. Basic editing and navigation
- 24.6.2.1. Automatic indentation
- 24.6.2.2. Python Shell window
- 24.6.3. Syntax colors
- 24.6.4. Startup
- 24.6.4.1. Command line usage
- 24.6.1. Menus
- 24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
- 24.1. Tkinter— Python interface to Tcl/Tk
- 25. Development Tools
- 25.1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
- 25.2. doctest— Test interactive Python examples
- 25.2.1. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
- 25.2.2. Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
- 25.2.3. How It Works
- 25.2.3.1. Which Docstrings Are Examined?
- 25.2.3.2. How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
- 25.2.3.3. What’s the Execution Context?
- 25.2.3.4. What About Exceptions?
- 25.2.3.5. Option Flags and Directives
- 25.2.3.6. Warnings
- 25.2.4. Basic API
- 25.2.5. Unittest API
- 25.2.6. Advanced API
- 25.2.6.1. DocTest Objects
- 25.2.6.2. Example Objects
- 25.2.6.3. DocTestFinder objects
- 25.2.6.4. DocTestParser objects
- 25.2.6.5. DocTestRunner objects
- 25.2.6.6. OutputChecker objects
- 25.2.7. Debugging
- 25.2.8. Soapbox
- 25.3. unittest— Unit testing framework
- 25.3.1. Basic example
- 25.3.2. Command-Line Interface
- 25.3.2.1. Command-line options
- 25.3.3. Test Discovery
- 25.3.4. Organizing test code
- 25.3.5. Re-using old test code
- 25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures
- 25.3.7. Classes and functions
- 25.3.7.1. Test cases
- 25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases
- 25.3.7.2. Grouping tests
- 25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests
- 25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol
- 25.3.7.1. Test cases
- 25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures
- 25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass
- 25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule
- 25.3.9. Signal Handling
- 25.4. 2to3 – Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
- 25.4.1. Using 2to3
- 25.4.2. Fixers
- 25.4.3. lib2to3 – 2to3’s library
- 25.5. test— Regression tests package for Python
- 25.5.1. Writing Unit Tests for the test package
- 25.5.2. Running tests using the command-line interface
- 25.6. test.test_support — Utility functions for tests
- 26. Debugging and Profiling
- 26.1. bdb — Debugger framework
- 26.2. pdb — The Python Debugger
- 26.3. Debugger Commands
- 26.4. The Python Profilers
- 26.4.1. Introduction to the profilers
- 26.4.2. Instant User’s Manual
- 26.4.3. What Is Deterministic Profiling?
- 26.4.4. Reference Manual – profile and cProfile
- 26.4.4.1. The Stats Class
- 26.4.5. Limitations
- 26.4.6. Calibration
- 26.4.7. Extensions — Deriving Better Profilers
- 26.5. hotshot— High performance logging profiler
- 26.5.1. Profile Objects
- 26.5.2. Using hotshot data
- 26.5.3. Example Usage
- 26.6. timeit— Measure execution time of small code snippets
- 26.6.1. Command Line Interface
- 26.6.2. Examples
- 26.7. trace— Trace or track Python statement execution
- 26.7.1. Command-Line Usage
- 26.7.1.1. Main options
- 26.7.1.2. Modifiers
- 26.7.1.3. Filters
- 26.7.2. Programmatic Interface
- 26.7.1. Command-Line Usage
- 27. Python Runtime Services
- 27.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
- 27.2. sysconfig— Provide access to Python’s configuration information
- 27.2.1. Configuration variables
- 27.2.2. Installation paths
- 27.2.3. Other functions
- 27.3. __builtin__ — Built-in objects
- 27.4. future_builtins — Python 3 builtins
- 27.5. __main__ — Top-level script environment
- 27.6. warnings— Warning control
- 27.6.1. Warning Categories
- 27.6.2. The Warnings Filter
- 27.6.2.1. Default Warning Filters
- 27.6.3. Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
- 27.6.4. Testing Warnings
- 27.6.5. Updating Code For New Versions of Python
- 27.6.6. Available Functions
- 27.6.7. Available Context Managers
- 27.7. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
- 27.8. abc — Abstract Base Classes
- 27.9. atexit— Exit handlers
- 27.9.1. atexit Example
- 27.10. traceback— Print or retrieve a stack traceback
- 27.10.1. Traceback Examples
- 27.11. __future__ — Future statement definitions
- 27.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface
- 27.13. inspect— Inspect live objects
- 27.13.1. Types and members
- 27.13.2. Retrieving source code
- 27.13.3. Classes and functions
- 27.13.4. The interpreter stack
- 27.14. site — Site-specific configuration hook
- 27.15. user — User-specific configuration hook
- 27.16. fpectl— Floating point exception control
- 27.16.1. Example
- 27.16.2. Limitations and other considerations
- 27.17. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
- 28. Custom Python Interpreters
- 28.1. code— Interpreter base classes
- 28.1.1. Interactive Interpreter Objects
- 28.1.2. Interactive Console Objects
- 28.2. codeop — Compile Python code
- 28.1. code— Interpreter base classes
- 29. Restricted Execution
- 29.1. rexec— Restricted execution framework
- 29.1.1. RExec Objects
- 29.1.2. Defining restricted environments
- 29.1.3. An example
- 29.2. Bastion — Restricting access to objects
- 29.1. rexec— Restricted execution framework
- 30. Importing Modules
- 30.1. imp — Access the importinternals
- 30.1.1. Examples
- 30.2. importlib – Convenience wrappers for __import__()
- 30.3. imputil— Import utilities
- 30.3.1. Examples
- 30.4. zipimport— Import modules from Zip archives
- 30.4.1. zipimporter Objects
- 30.4.2. Examples
- 30.5. pkgutil — Package extension utility
- 30.6. modulefinder— Find modules used by a script
- 30.6.1. Example usage of ModuleFinder
- 30.7. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
- 30.1. imp — Access the importinternals
- 31. Python Language Services
- 31.1. parser— Access Python parse trees
- 31.1.1. Creating ST Objects
- 31.1.2. Converting ST Objects
- 31.1.3. Queries on ST Objects
- 31.1.4. Exceptions and Error Handling
- 31.1.5. ST Objects
- 31.1.6. Example: Emulation of compile()
- 31.2. ast— Abstract Syntax Trees
- 31.2.1. Node classes
- 31.2.2. Abstract Grammar
- 31.2.3. ast Helpers
- 31.3. symtable— Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
- 31.3.1. Generating Symbol Tables
- 31.3.2. Examining Symbol Tables
- 31.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
- 31.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
- 31.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
- 31.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
- 31.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
- 31.9. pyclbr— Python class browser support
- 31.9.1. Class Objects
- 31.9.2. Function Objects
- 31.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
- 31.11. compileall— Byte-compile Python libraries
- 31.11.1. Command-line use
- 31.11.2. Public functions
- 31.12. dis— Disassembler for Python bytecode
- 31.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions
- 31.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
- 31.1. parser— Access Python parse trees
- 32. Python compiler package
- 32.1. The basic interface
- 32.2. Limitations
- 32.3. Python Abstract Syntax
- 32.3.1. AST Nodes
- 32.3.2. Assignment nodes
- 32.3.3. Examples
- 32.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
- 32.5. Bytecode Generation
- 33. Miscellaneous Services
- 33.1. formatter— Generic output formatting
- 33.1.1. The Formatter Interface
- 33.1.2. Formatter Implementations
- 33.1.3. The Writer Interface
- 33.1.4. Writer Implementations
- 33.1. formatter— Generic output formatting
- 34. MS Windows Specific Services
- 34.1. msilib— Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- 34.1.1. Database Objects
- 34.1.2. View Objects
- 34.1.3. Summary Information Objects
- 34.1.4. Record Objects
- 34.1.5. Errors
- 34.1.6. CAB Objects
- 34.1.7. Directory Objects
- 34.1.8. Features
- 34.1.9. GUI classes
- 34.1.10. Precomputed tables
- 34.2. msvcrt– Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
- 34.2.1. File Operations
- 34.2.2. Console I/O
- 34.2.3. Other Functions
- 34.3. _winreg– Windows registry access
- 34.3.1. Constants
- 34.3.1.1. HKEY_* Constants
- 34.3.1.2. Access Rights
- 34.3.1.2.1. 64-bit Specific
- 34.3.1.3. Value Types
- 34.3.2. Registry Handle Objects
- 34.3.1. Constants
- 34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
- 34.1. msilib— Read and write Microsoft Installer files
- 35. Unix Specific Services
- 35.1. posix— The most common POSIX system calls
- 35.1.1. Large File Support
- 35.1.2. Notable Module Contents
- 35.2. pwd — The password database
- 35.3. spwd — The shadow password database
- 35.4. grp — The group database
- 35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
- 35.6. dl— Call C functions in shared objects
- 35.6.1. Dl Objects
- 35.7. termios— POSIX style tty control
- 35.7.1. Example
- 35.8. tty — Terminal control functions
- 35.9. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
- 35.10. fcntl — The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
- 35.11. pipes— Interface to shell pipelines
- 35.11.1. Template Objects
- 35.12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
- 35.13. resource— Resource usage information
- 35.13.1. Resource Limits
- 35.13.2. Resource Usage
- 35.14. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
- 35.15. syslog— Unix syslog library routines
- 35.15.1. Examples
- 35.15.1.1. Simple example
- 35.15.1. Examples
- 35.16. commands — Utilities for running commands
- 35.1. posix— The most common POSIX system calls
- 36. Mac OS X specific services
- 36.1. ic— Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
- 36.1.1. IC Objects
- 36.2. MacOS — Access to Mac OS interpreter features
- 36.3. macostools — Convenience routines for file manipulation
- 36.4. findertools — The finder‘s Apple Events interface
- 36.5. EasyDialogs— Basic Macintosh dialogs
- 36.5.1. ProgressBar Objects
- 36.6. FrameWork— Interactive application framework
- 36.6.1. Application Objects
- 36.6.2. Window Objects
- 36.6.3. ControlsWindow Object
- 36.6.4. ScrolledWindow Object
- 36.6.5. DialogWindow Objects
- 36.7. autoGIL — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
- 36.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
- 36.8.1. Carbon.AE — Apple Events
- 36.8.2. Carbon.AH — Apple Help
- 36.8.3. Carbon.App — Appearance Manager
- 36.8.4. Carbon.Appearance — Appearance Manager constants
- 36.8.5. Carbon.CF — Core Foundation
- 36.8.6. Carbon.CG — Core Graphics
- 36.8.7. Carbon.CarbonEvt — Carbon Event Manager
- 36.8.8. Carbon.CarbonEvents — Carbon Event Manager constants
- 36.8.9. Carbon.Cm — Component Manager
- 36.8.10. Carbon.Components — Component Manager constants
- 36.8.11. Carbon.ControlAccessor — Control Manager accssors
- 36.8.12. Carbon.Controls — Control Manager constants
- 36.8.13. Carbon.CoreFounation — CoreFounation constants
- 36.8.14. Carbon.CoreGraphics — CoreGraphics constants
- 36.8.15. Carbon.Ctl — Control Manager
- 36.8.16. Carbon.Dialogs — Dialog Manager constants
- 36.8.17. Carbon.Dlg — Dialog Manager
- 36.8.18. Carbon.Drag — Drag and Drop Manager
- 36.8.19. Carbon.Dragconst — Drag and Drop Manager constants
- 36.8.20. Carbon.Events — Event Manager constants
- 36.8.21. Carbon.Evt — Event Manager
- 36.8.22. Carbon.File — File Manager
- 36.8.23. Carbon.Files — File Manager constants
- 36.8.24. Carbon.Fm — Font Manager
- 36.8.25. Carbon.Folder — Folder Manager
- 36.8.26. Carbon.Folders — Folder Manager constants
- 36.8.27. Carbon.Fonts — Font Manager constants
- 36.8.28. Carbon.Help — Help Manager
- 36.8.29. Carbon.IBCarbon — Carbon InterfaceBuilder
- 36.8.30. Carbon.IBCarbonRuntime — Carbon InterfaceBuilder constants
- 36.8.31. Carbon.Icn — Carbon Icon Manager
- 36.8.32. Carbon.Icons — Carbon Icon Manager constants
- 36.8.33. Carbon.Launch — Carbon Launch Services
- 36.8.34. Carbon.LaunchServices — Carbon Launch Services constants
- 36.8.35. Carbon.List — List Manager
- 36.8.36. Carbon.Lists — List Manager constants
- 36.8.37. Carbon.MacHelp — Help Manager constants
- 36.8.38. Carbon.MediaDescr — Parsers and generators for Quicktime Media descriptors
- 36.8.39. Carbon.Menu — Menu Manager
- 36.8.40. Carbon.Menus — Menu Manager constants
- 36.8.41. Carbon.Mlte — MultiLingual Text Editor
- 36.8.42. Carbon.OSA — Carbon OSA Interface
- 36.8.43. Carbon.OSAconst — Carbon OSA Interface constants
- 36.8.44. Carbon.QDOffscreen — QuickDraw Offscreen constants
- 36.8.45. Carbon.Qd — QuickDraw
- 36.8.46. Carbon.Qdoffs — QuickDraw Offscreen
- 36.8.47. Carbon.Qt — QuickTime
- 36.8.48. Carbon.QuickDraw — QuickDraw constants
- 36.8.49. Carbon.QuickTime — QuickTime constants
- 36.8.50. Carbon.Res — Resource Manager and Handles
- 36.8.51. Carbon.Resources — Resource Manager and Handles constants
- 36.8.52. Carbon.Scrap — Scrap Manager
- 36.8.53. Carbon.Snd — Sound Manager
- 36.8.54. Carbon.Sound — Sound Manager constants
- 36.8.55. Carbon.TE — TextEdit
- 36.8.56. Carbon.TextEdit — TextEdit constants
- 36.8.57. Carbon.Win — Window Manager
- 36.8.58. Carbon.Windows — Window Manager constants
- 36.9. ColorPicker — Color selection dialog
- 36.1. ic— Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
- 37. MacPython OSA Modules
- 37.1. gensuitemodule — Generate OSA stub packages
- 37.2. aetools — OSA client support
- 37.3. aepack — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
- 37.4. aetypes — AppleEvent objects
- 37.5. MiniAEFrame— Open Scripting Architecture server support
- 37.5.1. AEServer Objects
- 38. SGI IRIX Specific Services
- 38.1. al— Audio functions on the SGI
- 38.1.1. Configuration Objects
- 38.1.2. Port Objects
- 38.2. AL — Constants used with the al module
- 38.3. cd— CD-ROM access on SGI systems
- 38.3.1. Player Objects
- 38.3.2. Parser Objects
- 38.4. fl— FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
- 38.4.1. Functions Defined in Module fl
- 38.4.2. Form Objects
- 38.4.3. FORMS Objects
- 38.5. FL — Constants used with the fl module
- 38.6. flp — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
- 38.7. fm — Font Manager interface
- 38.8. gl — Graphics Library interface
- 38.9. DEVICE — Constants used with the gl module
- 38.10. GL — Constants used with the gl module
- 38.11. imgfile — Support for SGI imglib files
- 38.12. jpeg — Read and write JPEG files
- 38.1. al— Audio functions on the SGI
- 39. SunOS Specific Services
- 39.1. sunaudiodev— Access to Sun audio hardware
- 39.1.1. Audio Device Objects
- 39.2. SUNAUDIODEV — Constants used with sunaudiodev
- 39.1. sunaudiodev— Access to Sun audio hardware
- 40. Undocumented Modules
- 40.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities
- 40.2. Platform specific modules
- 40.3. Multimedia
- 40.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules
- 40.4.1. applesingle — AppleSingle decoder
- 40.4.2. buildtools — Helper module for BuildApplet and Friends
- 40.4.3. cfmfile — Code Fragment Resource module
- 40.4.4. icopen — Internet Config replacement for open()
- 40.4.5. macerrors — Mac OS Errors
- 40.4.6. macresource — Locate script resources
- 40.4.7. Nav — NavServices calls
- 40.4.8. PixMapWrapper — Wrapper for PixMap objects
- 40.4.9. videoreader — Read QuickTime movies
- 40.4.10. W — Widgets built on FrameWork
- 40.5. Obsolete
- 40.6. SGI-specific Extension modules
- Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter
- 1. Extending Python with C or C++
- 1.1. A Simple Example
- 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
- 1.3. Back to the Example
- 1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function
- 1.5. Compilation and Linkage
- 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C
- 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
- 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
- 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values
- 1.10. Reference Counts
- 1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python
- 1.10.2. Ownership Rules
- 1.10.3. Thin Ice
- 1.10.4. NULL Pointers
- 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++
- 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module
- 2. Defining New Types
- 2.1. The Basics
- 2.1.1. Adding data and methods to the Basic example
- 2.1.2. Providing finer control over data attributes
- 2.1.3. Supporting cyclic garbage collection
- 2.1.4. Subclassing other types
- 2.2. Type Methods
- 2.2.1. Finalization and De-allocation
- 2.2.2. Object Presentation
- 2.2.3. Attribute Management
- 2.2.3.1. Generic Attribute Management
- 2.2.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management
- 2.2.4. Object Comparison
- 2.2.5. Abstract Protocol Support
- 2.2.6. Weak Reference Support
- 2.2.7. More Suggestions
- 2.1. The Basics
- 3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
- 3.1. Distributing your extension modules
- 4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
- 4.1. A Cookbook Approach
- 4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows
- 4.3. Using DLLs in Practice
- 5. Embedding Python in Another Application
- 5.1. Very High Level Embedding
- 5.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
- 5.3. Pure Embedding
- 5.4. Extending Embedded Python
- 5.5. Embedding Python in C++
- 5.6. Linking Requirements
- 1. Extending Python with C or C++
- Python/C API Reference Manual
- Introduction
- Include Files
- Objects, Types and Reference Counts
- Reference Counts
- Reference Count Details
- Types
- Reference Counts
- Exceptions
- Embedding Python
- Debugging Builds
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- Exception Handling
- Unicode Exception Objects
- Recursion Control
- Standard Exceptions
- String Exceptions
- Utilities
- Operating System Utilities
- System Functions
- Process Control
- Importing Modules
- Data marshalling support
- Parsing arguments and building values
- String conversion and formatting
- Reflection
- Codec registry and support functions
- Codec lookup API
- Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers
- Abstract Objects Layer
- Object Protocol
- Number Protocol
- Sequence Protocol
- Mapping Protocol
- Iterator Protocol
- Old Buffer Protocol
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Fundamental Objects
- Type Objects
- The None Object
- Numeric Objects
- Plain Integer Objects
- Boolean Objects
- Long Integer Objects
- Floating Point Objects
- Complex Number Objects
- Complex Numbers as C Structures
- Complex Numbers as Python Objects
- Sequence Objects
- Byte Array Objects
- Type check macros
- Direct API functions
- Macros
- String/Bytes Objects
- Unicode Objects and Codecs
- Unicode Objects
- Unicode Type
- Unicode Character Properties
- Plain Py_UNICODE
- wchar_t Support
- Built-in Codecs
- Generic Codecs
- UTF-8 Codecs
- UTF-32 Codecs
- UTF-16 Codecs
- UTF-7 Codecs
- Unicode-Escape Codecs
- Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs
- Latin-1 Codecs
- ASCII Codecs
- Character Map Codecs
- MBCS codecs for Windows
- Methods & Slots
- Methods and Slot Functions
- Unicode Objects
- Buffers and Memoryview Objects
- The new-style Py_buffer struct
- Buffer related functions
- MemoryView objects
- Old-style buffer objects
- Tuple Objects
- List Objects
- Byte Array Objects
- Mapping Objects
- Dictionary Objects
- Other Objects
- Class and Instance Objects
- Function Objects
- Method Objects
- File Objects
- Module Objects
- Iterator Objects
- Descriptor Objects
- Slice Objects
- Weak Reference Objects
- Capsules
- CObjects
- Cell Objects
- Generator Objects
- DateTime Objects
- Set Objects
- Code Objects
- Fundamental Objects
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
- Process-wide parameters
- Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
- Releasing the GIL from extension code
- Non-Python created threads
- High-level API
- Low-level API
- Sub-interpreter support
- Bugs and caveats
- Asynchronous Notifications
- Profiling and Tracing
- Advanced Debugger Support
- Memory Management
- Overview
- Memory Interface
- Examples
- Object Implementation Support
- Allocating Objects on the Heap
- Common Object Structures
- Type Objects
- Number Object Structures
- Mapping Object Structures
- Sequence Object Structures
- Buffer Object Structures
- Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
- Introduction
- Distributing Python Modules
- 1. An Introduction to Distutils
- 1.1. Concepts & Terminology
- 1.2. A Simple Example
- 1.3. General Python terminology
- 1.4. Distutils-specific terminology
- 2. Writing the Setup Script
- 2.1. Listing whole packages
- 2.2. Listing individual modules
- 2.3. Describing extension modules
- 2.3.1. Extension names and packages
- 2.3.2. Extension source files
- 2.3.3. Preprocessor options
- 2.3.4. Library options
- 2.3.5. Other options
- 2.4. Relationships between Distributions and Packages
- 2.5. Installing Scripts
- 2.6. Installing Package Data
- 2.7. Installing Additional Files
- 2.8. Additional meta-data
- 2.9. Debugging the setup script
- 3. Writing the Setup Configuration File
- 4. Creating a Source Distribution
- 4.1. Specifying the files to distribute
- 4.2. Manifest-related options
- 4.3. The MANIFEST.in template
- 4.3.1. Principle
- 4.3.2. Commands
- 5. Creating Built Distributions
- 5.1. Creating dumb built distributions
- 5.2. Creating RPM packages
- 5.3. Creating Windows Installers
- 5.4. Cross-compiling on Windows
- 5.4.1. The Postinstallation script
- 5.5. Vista User Access Control (UAC)
- 6. Registering with the Package Index
- 6.1. The .pypirc file
- 7. Uploading Packages to the Package Index
- 7.1. PyPI package display
- 8. Examples
- 8.1. Pure Python distribution (by module)
- 8.2. Pure Python distribution (by package)
- 8.3. Single extension module
- 9. Extending Distutils
- 9.1. Integrating new commands
- 9.2. Adding new distribution types
- 10. Command Reference
- 10.1. Installing modules: the installcommand family
- 10.1.1. install_data
- 10.1.2. install_scripts
- 10.1. Installing modules: the installcommand family
- 11. API Reference
- 11.1. distutils.core — Core Distutils functionality
- 11.2. distutils.ccompiler — CCompiler base class
- 11.3. distutils.unixccompiler — Unix C Compiler
- 11.4. distutils.msvccompiler — Microsoft Compiler
- 11.5. distutils.bcppcompiler — Borland Compiler
- 11.6. distutils.cygwincompiler — Cygwin Compiler
- 11.7. distutils.emxccompiler — OS/2 EMX Compiler
- 11.8. distutils.archive_util — Archiving utilities
- 11.9. distutils.dep_util — Dependency checking
- 11.10. distutils.dir_util — Directory tree operations
- 11.11. distutils.file_util — Single file operations
- 11.12. distutils.util — Miscellaneous other utility functions
- 11.13. distutils.dist — The Distribution class
- 11.14. distutils.extension — The Extension class
- 11.15. distutils.debug — Distutils debug mode
- 11.16. distutils.errors — Distutils exceptions
- 11.17. distutils.fancy_getopt — Wrapper around the standard getopt module
- 11.18. distutils.filelist — The FileList class
- 11.19. distutils.log — Simple PEP 282-style logging
- 11.20. distutils.spawn — Spawn a sub-process
- 11.21. distutils.sysconfig — System configuration information
- 11.22. distutils.text_file — The TextFile class
- 11.23. distutils.version — Version number classes
- 11.24. distutils.cmd — Abstract base class for Distutils commands
- 11.25. Creating a new Distutils command
- 11.26. distutils.command — Individual Distutils commands
- 11.27. distutils.command.bdist — Build a binary installer
- 11.28. distutils.command.bdist_packager — Abstract base class for packagers
- 11.29. distutils.command.bdist_dumb — Build a “dumb” installer
- 11.30. distutils.command.bdist_msi — Build a Microsoft Installer binary package
- 11.31. distutils.command.bdist_rpm — Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM
- 11.32. distutils.command.bdist_wininst — Build a Windows installer
- 11.33. distutils.command.sdist — Build a source distribution
- 11.34. distutils.command.build — Build all files of a package
- 11.35. distutils.command.build_clib — Build any C libraries in a package
- 11.36. distutils.command.build_ext — Build any extensions in a package
- 11.37. distutils.command.build_py — Build the .py/.pyc files of a package
- 11.38. distutils.command.build_scripts — Build the scripts of a package
- 11.39. distutils.command.clean — Clean a package build area
- 11.40. distutils.command.config — Perform package configuration
- 11.41. distutils.command.install — Install a package
- 11.42. distutils.command.install_data — Install data files from a package
- 11.43. distutils.command.install_headers — Install C/C++ header files from a package
- 11.44. distutils.command.install_lib — Install library files from a package
- 11.45. distutils.command.install_scripts — Install script files from a package
- 11.46. distutils.command.register — Register a module with the Python Package Index
- 11.47. distutils.command.check — Check the meta-data of a package
- 1. An Introduction to Distutils
- Installing Python Modules
- Introduction
- Best case: trivial installation
- The new standard: Distutils
- Standard Build and Install
- Platform variations
- Splitting the job up
- How building works
- How installation works
- Alternate Installation
- Alternate installation: the user scheme
- Alternate installation: the home scheme
- Alternate installation: Unix (the prefix scheme)
- Alternate installation: Windows (the prefix scheme)
- Custom Installation
- Modifying Python’s Search Path
- Distutils Configuration Files
- Location and names of config files
- Syntax of config files
- Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks
- Tweaking compiler/linker flags
- Using non-Microsoft compilers on Windows
- Borland/CodeGear C++
- GNU C / Cygwin / MinGW
- Older Versions of Python and MinGW
- Introduction
- Documenting Python
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Style Guide
- 2.1. Affirmative Tone
- 2.2. Economy of Expression
- 2.3. Code Examples
- 2.4. Code Equivalents
- 2.5. Audience
- 3. reStructuredText Primer
- 3.1. Paragraphs
- 3.2. Inline markup
- 3.3. Lists and Quotes
- 3.4. Source Code
- 3.5. Hyperlinks
- 3.5.1. External links
- 3.5.2. Internal links
- 3.6. Sections
- 3.7. Explicit Markup
- 3.8. Directives
- 3.9. Footnotes
- 3.10. Comments
- 3.11. Source encoding
- 3.12. Gotchas
- 4. Additional Markup Constructs
- 4.1. Meta-information markup
- 4.2. Module-specific markup
- 4.3. Information units
- 4.4. Showing code examples
- 4.5. Inline markup
- 4.6. Cross-linking markup
- 4.7. Paragraph-level markup
- 4.8. Table-of-contents markup
- 4.9. Index-generating markup
- 4.10. Grammar production displays
- 4.11. Substitutions
- 5. Differences to the LaTeX markup
- 5.1. Inline markup
- 5.2. Information units
- 5.3. Structure
- 6. Building the documentation
- 6.1. Using make
- 6.2. Without make
- Python HOWTOs
- Python Advocacy HOWTO
- Reasons to Use Python
- Programmability
- Prototyping
- Simplicity and Ease of Understanding
- Java Integration
- Arguments and Rebuttals
- Useful Resources
- Reasons to Use Python
- Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3
- Choosing a Strategy
- Universal Bits of Advice
- Python 3 and 3to2
- Python 2 and 2to3
- Support Python 2.7
- Try to Support Python 2.6 and Newer Only
- from __future__ import print_function
- from __future__ import unicode_literals
- Bytes literals
- Supporting Python 2.5 and Newer Only
- from __future__ import absolute_import
- Handle Common “Gotchas”
- from __future__ import division
- Specify when opening a file as binary
- Text files
- Subclass object
- Deal With the Bytes/String Dichotomy
- Mark Up Python 2 String Literals
- Decide what APIs Will Accept
- Bytes / Unicode Comparison
- Indexing bytes objects
- __str__()/__unicode__()
- Don’t Index on Exceptions
- Don’t use __getslice__ & Friends
- Updating doctests
- Eliminate -3 Warnings
- Run 2to3
- Manually
- During Installation
- Verify & Test
- Python 2/3 Compatible Source
- Follow The Steps for Using 2to3
- Use six
- Capturing the Currently Raised Exception
- Other Resources
- Choosing a Strategy
- Porting Extension Modules to 3.0
- Conditional compilation
- Changes to Object APIs
- str/unicode Unification
- long/int Unification
- Module initialization and state
- Other options
- Curses Programming with Python
- What is curses?
- The Python curses module
- Starting and ending a curses application
- Windows and Pads
- Displaying Text
- Attributes and Color
- User Input
- For More Information
- What is curses?
- Descriptor HowTo Guide
- Abstract
- Definition and Introduction
- Descriptor Protocol
- Invoking Descriptors
- Descriptor Example
- Properties
- Functions and Methods
- Static Methods and Class Methods
- Idioms and Anti-Idioms in Python
- Language Constructs You Should Not Use
- from module import *
- Inside Function Definitions
- At Module Level
- When It Is Just Fine
- Unadorned exec, execfile() and friends
- from module import name1, name2
- except:
- from module import *
- Exceptions
- Using the Batteries
- Using Backslash to Continue Statements
- Language Constructs You Should Not Use
- Functional Programming HOWTO
- Introduction
- Formal provability
- Modularity
- Ease of debugging and testing
- Composability
- Iterators
- Data Types That Support Iterators
- Generator expressions and list comprehensions
- Generators
- Passing values into a generator
- Built-in functions
- Small functions and the lambda expression
- The itertools module
- Creating new iterators
- Calling functions on elements
- Selecting elements
- Grouping elements
- The functools module
- The operator module
- The functional module
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- References
- General
- Python-specific
- Python documentation
- Introduction
- Logging HOWTO
- Basic Logging Tutorial
- When to use logging
- A simple example
- Logging to a file
- Logging from multiple modules
- Logging variable data
- Changing the format of displayed messages
- Displaying the date/time in messages
- Next Steps
- Advanced Logging Tutorial
- Loggers
- Handlers
- Formatters
- Configuring Logging
- What happens if no configuration is provided
- Configuring Logging for a Library
- Logging Levels
- Custom Levels
- Useful Handlers
- Exceptions raised during logging
- Using arbitrary objects as messages
- Optimization
- Basic Logging Tutorial
- Logging Cookbook
- Using logging in multiple modules
- Multiple handlers and formatters
- Logging to multiple destinations
- Configuration server example
- Sending and receiving logging events across a network
- Adding contextual information to your logging output
- Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information
- Using Filters to impart contextual information
- Logging to a single file from multiple processes
- Using file rotation
- Regular Expression HOWTO
- Introduction
- Simple Patterns
- Matching Characters
- Repeating Things
- Using Regular Expressions
- Compiling Regular Expressions
- The Backslash Plague
- Performing Matches
- Module-Level Functions
- Compilation Flags
- More Pattern Power
- More Metacharacters
- Grouping
- Non-capturing and Named Groups
- Lookahead Assertions
- Modifying Strings
- Splitting Strings
- Search and Replace
- Common Problems
- Use String Methods
- match() versus search()
- Greedy versus Non-Greedy
- Using re.VERBOSE
- Feedback
- Socket Programming HOWTO
- Sockets
- History
- Creating a Socket
- IPC
- Using a Socket
- Binary Data
- Disconnecting
- When Sockets Die
- Non-blocking Sockets
- Performance
- Sockets
- Sorting HOW TO
- Sorting Basics
- Key Functions
- Operator Module Functions
- Ascending and Descending
- Sort Stability and Complex Sorts
- The Old Way Using Decorate-Sort-Undecorate
- The Old Way Using the cmp Parameter
- Odd and Ends
- Unicode HOWTO
- Introduction to Unicode
- History of Character Codes
- Definitions
- Encodings
- References
- Python 2.x’s Unicode Support
- The Unicode Type
- Unicode Literals in Python Source Code
- Unicode Properties
- References
- Reading and Writing Unicode Data
- Unicode filenames
- Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs
- References
- Revision History and Acknowledgements
- Introduction to Unicode
- HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using urllib2
- Introduction
- Fetching URLs
- Data
- Headers
- Handling Exceptions
- URLError
- HTTPError
- Error Codes
- Wrapping it Up
- Number 1
- Number 2
- info and geturl
- Openers and Handlers
- Basic Authentication
- Proxies
- Sockets and Layers
- Footnotes
- HOWTO Use Python in the web
- The Low-Level View
- Common Gateway Interface
- Simple script for testing CGI
- Setting up CGI on your own server
- Common problems with CGI scripts
- mod_python
- FastCGI and SCGI
- Setting up FastCGI
- mod_wsgi
- Common Gateway Interface
- Step back: WSGI
- WSGI Servers
- Case study: MoinMoin
- Model-View-Controller
- Ingredients for Websites
- Templates
- Data persistence
- Frameworks
- Some notable frameworks
- Django
- TurboGears
- Zope
- Other notable frameworks
- Some notable frameworks
- The Low-Level View
- Python Advocacy HOWTO
- Python Frequently Asked Questions
- General Python FAQ
- General Information
- Python in the real world
- Upgrading Python
- Programming FAQ
- General Questions
- Core Language
- Numbers and strings
- Sequences (Tuples/Lists)
- Dictionaries
- Objects
- Modules
- Design and History FAQ
- Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?
- Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?
- Why are floating point calculations so inaccurate?
- Why are Python strings immutable?
- Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?
- Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?
- Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?
- Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?
- How fast are exceptions?
- Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?
- Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?
- Why can’t lambda forms contain statements?
- Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
- How does Python manage memory?
- Why isn’t all memory freed when Python exits?
- Why are there separate tuple and list data types?
- How are lists implemented?
- How are dictionaries implemented?
- Why must dictionary keys be immutable?
- Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?
- How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?
- Why are default values shared between objects?
- Why is there no goto?
- Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?
- Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?
- Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?
- Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?
- Library and Extension FAQ
- General Library Questions
- Common tasks
- Threads
- Input and Output
- Network/Internet Programming
- Databases
- Mathematics and Numerics
- Extending/Embedding FAQ
- Can I create my own functions in C?
- Can I create my own functions in C++?
- Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?
- How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?
- How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?
- How do I extract C values from a Python object?
- How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?
- How do I call an object’s method from C?
- How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?
- How do I access a module written in Python from C?
- How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?
- I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?
- How do I debug an extension?
- I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?
- What does “SystemError: _PyImport_FixupExtension: module yourmodule not loaded” mean?
- How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?
- How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?
- Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?
- When importing module X, why do I get “undefined symbol: PyUnicodeUCS2*”?
- Python on Windows FAQ
- How do I run a Python program under Windows?
- How do I make Python scripts executable?
- Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?
- Where is Freeze for Windows?
- Is a *.pyd file the same as a DLL?
- How can I embed Python into a Windows application?
- How do I use Python for CGI?
- How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?
- How do I check for a keypress without blocking?
- How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?
- Why does os.path.isdir() fail on NT shared directories?
- cgi.py (or other CGI programming) doesn’t work sometimes on NT or win95!
- Why doesn’t os.popen() work in PythonWin on NT?
- Why doesn’t os.popen()/win32pipe.popen() work on Win9x?
- PyRun_SimpleFile() crashes on Windows but not on Unix; why?
- Importing _tkinter fails on Windows 95/98: why?
- How do I extract the downloaded documentation on Windows?
- Missing cw3215mt.dll (or missing cw3215.dll)
- Warning about CTL3D32 version from installer
- Graphic User Interface FAQ
- What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?
- What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?
- Tkinter questions
- “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ
- What is Python?
- Why is Python installed on my machine?
- Can I delete Python?
- General Python FAQ
- Glossary
- About these documents
- Contributors to the Python Documentation
- Reporting Bugs
- Documentation bugs
- Using the Python issue tracker
- Copyright
- History and License
- History of the software
- Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
- Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software
- Mersenne Twister
- Sockets
- Floating point exception control
- MD5 message digest algorithm
- Asynchronous socket services
- Cookie management
- Execution tracing
- UUencode and UUdecode functions
- XML Remote Procedure Calls
- test_epoll
- Select kqueue
- strtod and dtoa
- OpenSSL
- expat
- libffi
- zlib
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